processes / structures / weather

go to geological processes

karsts earthquakes tsunami deserts mass wasting water

plate tectonics glaciers volcanoes differentiation animations

go to geological structures

faults   elements   joints   unconformities subsidence

stratigraphy   strike and dip   metamorphics   deformation   animations

go to weather

climate fundamentals cyclones global change historic animations

geological processes

Introduction to Geology an Overview
Karsts in Australia

Earthquakes

Earthquakes and the Earth's Interior

Earthquakes
Origin of Earthquakes
Seismology, The Study of Earthquakes
Types of Seismic Waves
Location of Earthquakes
Magnitude of Earthquakes
Earthquake Risk
Earthquake Damage
World Distribution of Earthquakes
The Earth's Internal Structure
Seismic Wave Velocities in the Earth
Layers of Different Physical Properties
Gravity Anomalies and Isostasy

Earthquake Case Histories
Earthquake Hazards and Risks
Earthquake Prediction and Control

Seiswave Earthquake simulation freeware 3.39Mb 3.1 or 95 (download in a separate window "seiswave.exe" , move to an empty directory and file will self extract)

*Tsunami (tidal wave) movies clips MPEG simulations
download to a separate window - requires MPEG player software Hokkaido Japan 1993 (89k) an undersea earthquake in the Sea of Japan (on the left) sets off a tidal wave that strikes the Islands of Hokkaido (right) and Okushiri (centre right)
Chile 1960 (255k) A 9.5 Richter scale earthquake off the coast of Chile sends tidal wave across the Pacific Ocean
Hilo 1960 (285k) Three views of the same tidal wave as above as it devastates the town of Hilo on the big island of Hawaii. The town is destroyed in a few minutes. As a result the U.S.Army Corps of engineers builds a huge breakwater across the funnel shaped harbour leaving only a tiny gap to the opean ocean. As luck would have it the next tsunami to hit Hilo in 1974 strikes precisely on the only angle that goes straight through the gap and the main area of the town is destroyed once more. Hilo today has a series of loudspeakers - one of the few towns in the world with a tidal wave warning system.

Deserts
Deserts and Winds

Wind as a Geologic Agent
Sediment Transportation by Wind
Wind Erosion
Wind Deposits:

Sand Dunes:

Deserts

Surface Processes in Deserts

Desertification

Mass Wasting
Mass-Wasting
see also Mass Movement

Mass-wasting Processes

Water
Underground Water
Hydrologic Cycle

Streams and Drainage Systems

Huge Image of Amazon Basin

Groundwater

Ocean-Atmosphere System & Coastal Zones

The Oceans and their Margins

Plate Tectonics
The Earth's Interior and Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics Images 17 colour images from USGS
Deep ocean life on mid-ocean ridges - photos
Giant clams Black smokers Spider crab
Tube worm Tube worm colony
Geothermal Related Mineral Deposits

Plate Tectonics Huge (animated .gif 667kb! from Univ. of Arkansas)

Plate Tectonics - simple animation

major plate tectonic features b&w sketch

Triple Junction

Satellite view of the Sinai

Soils
Understanding the Soil Processes
Humus Humification Catabolism Anabolism Soil Fertility

Weathering and Soils

Glaciers

Lake Vostok in Antarctica - a huge liquid lake
- time capsule hidden under the ice

Volcanoes

The Ten Basic Types of Volcanoes
Common Volcanic Terms
Volcanic Hazards and Case Studies
Types of Volcanoes in Australia

Air photo of three shield volcanoes
Shield volcano

3DField contouring software freeware/shareware from Russia
Download from new window"exe" for self extracting file
3DField.exe(617K)
Erupt 2.4 volcanic eruption simulator freeware
Download from new window "exe" for self extracting file
16 bit version for Windows 3.11(2.7MB)
32 bit version for windows 95/ NT(2.8MB)
.....see other volcanic links

Mountain Terrain 3d landscape builder (82k) freeware
Download from new window "exe" for self extracting file
Mount3.exe

geological structures

geological hammer

Fault type animations
normal fault
reverse fault
thrust fault
Fault images
basic fault terms
basic fault types
tension and compression in faults
stress associated with faults
features on fault planes- slickensides
gouge and breccia

Normal Faults
Horsts and Gabens
Half-Grabens
Reverse Faults
Thrust Fault
Strike Slip Faults
Transform-Faults
Evidence of Movement on Faults

Folds
Folding of Ductile Rocks
Monoclines
Anticline
Synclines
Geometry of Folds
Classification of Folds
The Relationship Between Folding and Faulting
Folds and Topography

Crustal Abundance of common elements
earth core
earthquake waves
earthquake maximum angle of reflection and shadow zone
earthquake wave pathways
seismometer
earthquake location from three seismometers
3d view of heat plumes beneath the earth

Jointing
Tension jointing
Compression jointing
Joint patterns in folds
Joint patterns around intrusions
Polygonal jointing(buried lava flows)

Excellent images showing folds types, plunge, basins, domes etc
Mapsection
Plunge 1
Plunge 2
Dome
Folds
Degrees of folding
Principles of Stratigraphy
Breaks in the Stratigraphic Record

Unconformity
Angular Unconformity
Disconformity
Nonconformity
Variation of unconformities
Conformities, Unconformities, Disconformities

Stratigraphy

Stratigraphic Classification
The Geologic Column
Absolute Geologic Time

Features of Sedimentary Rocks That Give Clues to the Environment of Deposition
Stratification and Bedding
Sedimentary Facies
Common Sedimentary Environments

Subsidence

Karst
Caves
Sinkholes
Removal of Salt
Coal
Fluid Withdrawal
Groundwater
Oil and Gas
Sinking Cities

Strike and dip image
Strike and dip

Great 3d computer generated images of rock strata at various angles,
the effect of topography and apparent dip

butte shows fault line and unconformity
plateau
ten degree tilt
forty-five degree tilt
vertical

Igneous Rock Structures image

Metamorphic structures
Contact metamorphism
Foliation

How unmetamorphosed fragments of host rock
may be preserved in overlying sediments
The effect of pressure / temperature on metamorphic minerals

Grade of Metamorphism
Retrograde Metamorphism
Factors that Control Metamorphism
Responses of Rock to Increasing Metamorphic Grade
Metamorphism of Basalts and Gabbros
Metamorphism of Limestone and Sandstone
Types of Metamorphism
Metamorphic Facies
Metamorphism and Plate Tectonics